For SITH students attending technical writing class, write down in the comment space below topic(s) that you are interested to write about for an essay asignment.
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Maret 5, 2008 pada 10:04 am
angga rachmansah (10604118)
Since 2005, garbage has become problem in Bandung. That time, TPA Leuwigajah exploded, causing it to be closed, so garbage could not be dumped there. Consequently, garbage in all TPS overloaded and caused inconvenience to all citizens. Many methods had been tried, but it did not solve the problem. Now, government is trying to apply waste energy electricity which is technology to produce electricity from waste. By applying this method, government hope they can solve garbage problem as it is one of the most successful methods in the world.
Waste energy electricity is more effective than other methods such as open dumping or sanitary landfill. Waste energy electricity technically can operate until 25 years. It also allow us to reduce volume of garbage in high rate, 20,8 ton/hours. Furthermore, waste energy electricity occupies less area. In contrast, Sanitary landfill or open dumping did not allow us to reduce volume of garbage and it needs larger and new area continuously each time the former area is full.
Waste energy electricity has several advantages. First, we can get electricity from that technology. Second, the residue from that process could be use for building materials. Third, we can get income from selling electricity, certified emission reduction, and waste management.
Maret 5, 2008 pada 4:08 pm
ikhwanabd
wah…enak nich pak sekarang,inovasi nih pak utk tugas2 writing…go pak taufik!!!
Maret 6, 2008 pada 12:47 am
Gilang Kinasihan10604052
I am the first children from two. I have a brother; he is three years younger and at third class on High School. My brother and I does not live together. I live at Bandung, and He lives at Sumedang with my Grandfather. Even we lives separated each other, but we been close. We often communicate with phone, SMS, or chat via Yahoo Messenger. We met once a week, when weekend or holiday.
I live at Margahayu Raya Housing Complex, at my parent’s house. It is located near the Soekarno Hatta Street, East Bandung. The facilitation is almost complete as a housing complex; there are a mall and dept stores, traditional market, hospital, police office, offices, schools, and also recreation sites. The population is getting crowded year to year. Nowadays, it is not comfort enough to live in. the environment is not clean enough, many crime happened, and sometimes the water from PDAM not flowing as usual. It takes more an hour to go to campus, because the traffics and the distances between campus and the housing complex is about 15 km.
Maret 6, 2008 pada 5:13 am
Wiedy Yang essa (10604008)
I like..
Most of my friends tell that i’m friendly and easy going, maybe its related to my characteristical. I like to meet many people in different backround,and i love travelling to somewhere exotic. I love beach so much, cause i can hear wave sound surrounded me, and wind wipe my face, and i can feel so fresh. My family often took me to Pangandaran beach. We traveled there with my dad’s friends. I like to ride bycycle, and eat delicious shrimps.
And i love mountain too, which i can breath fresh air, and see many animals like monkey,bird,and reptils. I often go to Rancaupas with my friends, and camp there. We bring our own food, then cook together. In Rancaupas we can see deers, and it had a beautiful lake. Sometime i go to Bodogol in Lido. We’ve seen Owa jawa, and play in waterfall. Bodogol has interesting view and places.
Sometime, somewhere, i want to visit all the beach and mountain in Indonesia. Because Indonesia have high biodiversity and it makes Indonesia become well known in the world. Im proud to be an Indonesian.
Maret 6, 2008 pada 7:48 am
Rizky Ayu Maulani Yusuf 10604098
Every children between the ages of six and fifteen has to study nine years in school. On my first day of school in Balikpapan, I had many books, notebooks, and colored pencils in my backpack, all of them bought for me by my mother. My backpack was heavy, but I was very proud of my luggage, all the people who saw me knew I was a student! I liked school because there were many children. When I had breaks between my classes, I played wuth my classmate or I went to my favorite place, the big library. I was very excited by the room, the books on the shelves, and I knew I could look at them and read them. For me, a little girl, it was an inspiring experience. I liked to study, and the fact that I was studying in my native language was not dangerous for me and my family. why did I say dangerous? because when my mother began to study, studying in Polish could have been cause of severe punishment for her and her family.
When my mother was seven yers old, her father, who was a professor, told her: ”You are a big girl now. You should know how to read and write in Polish and also how to count. I will start teaching you how to do that. But remember, you can not talk about it to anybody who is not a member of our family.” On my mother’s first day of school, she did not have special books, notebooks, and colored pencils. She wrote on pieces of paper that my grandfather burned after she finished her work. She also did not have library books, so she tried to read an newspapers that my grandfather kept at home. It was necessary for my mother to begin studying this way because my country was occupied by Dutch. No polish could exist at that time. Studying something in Polish was illegal, and people who did it could be killed. My mother’s class was small, it had only eight students, children from my mother’s neighborhood, and only one teacher, my grandfather. They studied while risking their lives.
Maret 12, 2008 pada 5:56 am
Dewi Megawati
I like listening to the radio. Listening to the radio could make me laugh because the presenters often talking about funny stuffs. From radio, I can know the latest news and movie review every month. Even more, I also can request a song and participate in giving an opinion for topic of the day. By listening to radio, I can still focus on my studying and even more gives me positive environment to study even harder.
However, two things will make me dislike the radio. First, when a bad presenter broadcast in the radio. This happens when the presenter do not have what it takes to attract the listener and when they start imitating other presenter from overseas. Secondly, when they start give horror movie advertisements. Even though, radio gives me any negative mood sometime, but it mostly cheers me up and encourages me a lot.
I also like watching TV, especially Metro TV channel. Most of the other TV channels in Indonesia provide gossips, Indonesian cinema and the other entertain programs, which lack of education information. In contras, Metro TV has a great quality of programs for its audients. Metro TV has been providing many aspect of knowledge such as sciences, sport and recreation, history, the arts, politic, business, social studies and so on. Those programs open my mind even widest about whole the things in this world.
Maret 14, 2008 pada 3:44 am
arifa elfanisa -10604094-
I love strawberry! And i think everybody love it too because i never met someone who don`t. I like strawberry just like everybody with their coffee, but theres no cafein in strawberry that makes you addict. Strawberry is sweet and little bit acid. The taste more perfect when you freeze it first, make it nicely fresh. Strawberry with their cute bodies, contain vitamin C is healthy, that’s why i choose it for my daily fruit.
After a long and hectic day at campus, I love to try an experiences with my strawberries. Mix them with milk then make it juice, that’s easy thing that you can do to have a strawberry milkshake,.it always be my friend when i see a movie at home. The fresh strawberry juice is my delight when i studying or hardwork for a project in front of my computer. For the weekend i make it for a cake, i have made a variety cakes with srawberry. However, my refrigerator is never had not a strawberries for me.
The bodies colour is red, and little leaves on top make them so cute. Because I love very much for all of them have, I have a collection acsesories of strawberry. Like a pillow, bag, earing, wallet and many more. Even more, i have a cute picture of them hanging on my room wall.
Maret 27, 2008 pada 6:22 am
Dewi Megawati
The factors which may contribute to heart disease in Western Society
Heart disease is a structural or functional abnormality of cardiovascular system, which might be caused of several factors. Those factors can be divided into two major factors such as behavioral risk factors and unavoidable risk factors. Behavioral risk factors associated with heart disease such as; fatty diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consume and smoking. On the other hand, aging and family history are unavoidable risk factors. This assay will discuss the factors that may associate with heart disease in western society (Campbell et al.,2003).
Generally, two major factors above increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure that result in heart disease. People who have high level of blood cholesterol are more likely to develop heart disease. As the fact, there are two forms of cholesterol in the blood, called high-density and low-density lipoproteins. The high-density lipoprotein is a kind of bad cholesterol which possibly to mold the plaques. The plaques may clog the wall of blood vessels and if it occurs in coronary arteries, it may promote a heart attack. In addition, high blood pressure also gives rise to heart disease. High blood pressure against the wall of constricted vessel made the heart work even harder. If the condition persists, it may damage the heart and blood vessels that increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and heart failure (www.escardio.org; Encarta Ensiklopedia, 2006).
In the western society, scientists found heart disease were mainly due to behavioral risk factors. People who normally haven’t a heart disease risk genetically, nevertheless take daily risks by smoking or eating unhealthily. Eating unhealthy diet on which contain high bad cholesterol may increase the risk of vascular disease, due to the ability of cholesterol to clog arteries. Similar to lack of exercise, it can cause heart disease in which associate with accumulation of the bad cholesterol. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent attributable to coronary heart failure. In addition, heavy drinking can damage heart muscles in which distract the process of pumping blood (http://www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Ensiklopedia,2006).
Although, heart disease was associated mainly with behavioral risk, a strong family history of heart disease and age factor still put a patient at high risk. For example, a woman does exercise every day and careful about her diet, nevertheless she got heart attack in 43 years old. It might be caused of inherited genetically from both of her parents. Then, scientists have identified that age also be part of the cause heart disease. In addition, the probability of stroke increases as people get older, with those over age 65 at greatest risk (http//www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Ensiklopedia,2006).
Nevertheless, some scientists believe that stress reactivity plays an important key role in development of heart disease. They inquired the fact that many heart attacks occur in persons apparently free of risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. They assumed that undeniably stressful condition of western society might contribute in causing heart disease. These could be explained by excessive unleashed of hormones and fatty fuels during stress response give rise to high blood pressure thus increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (Burg, 2008).
In conclusion, all the factors that increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure, associated with heart disease. The factors may affect so much for some people, but may be those do not give any effect for the others. Furthermore, people can decrease the risk of heart disease by keeping their healthy life style.
References
Campbell et al.,2003.Biology. 4th. ed. Benjamin Cumming; New York
Encarta Ensiklopedia, 2006
http://www.escardio.org/. Download on 5th March 2008
http//www.womenheart.org/. Download on 5th March 2008
Burgh, M. 2008. Stress, Behaviour and Heart Disease. Download on 5th March 2008
Maret 27, 2008 pada 11:51 am
Rebecca D.S.
In July – Agustus 2007, I had bad experience when I was back to my hometown in Siantar. It was bored for me when I woke up at the morning. The first three hours, the lamp and all of the electric tools was on. But after that, it was turn off for 3 hours. Turn on again in 3 hours, and then off again. It was happened regularly every day. So, in 24 hours, we can feel 4 times the electrics turn on and 4 times turn off. I was confused to do something when the electrics turn off.
PLN as a government company comment that the source of energy less day by day. They published the policy to turn on and off the electrics shift by shift in every district.It is not just the problem of my hometown,but also in all around Indonesia. Indonesia have an energy crisis. The government in my hometown try to solve this problem by bought the electric from Inalum in North Sumatera. Now I hear from my parents that the electrics become well but sometimes still turn off for a few times.
Maret 28, 2008 pada 5:21 am
Wiedy Yang essa (10604008)
TASK No.2
short Essay
The Earth is Heating up
Climate change is a topic which people often discuss right now. A few years back people taught it was only a joke, but for right now, the reality of global warming is coming up. Around the globe, temperature are climbing and sea levels are rising, seasons become hard to predict. The world has now become hotter than at any time during past a thousand years.
Over three billion poor people in this world will biggest hit by global warming. Its because they survive oly by natural resourches from nature, and they dont have ability to avoid that. They will be attack by disease, declining crops and natural disasters.
One way to avoid the impact of greenhouse effect is reducing CO2 into the athmosphere. We must avoid deforestation. From 2000 to 2005, Earth loss forest about 7.5 million hectars per year. Reducing forest deforestation will have significant impact on reducing global warming.
The factors of deforestation such as illegal logging, fires, mining, develop of platation for palm oil and pulp, and others agricultural activities. Spesies Like Orang Utans who live ini forest, was disturbed by loosing their areas. This is because Indonesia use lands for rapid economic than make enviroment for big priority.
Over the eight million hectare of land earmerked for oil palm development in Kalimantan, and one million is in orang utans forest habitat. 10.000 Orang Utans in Kalimantan threatened by oil palm. But, in economically, oil palm is highly profitable. One hectare oil palm can result in more than 4000 US dollars.
But if this reality always running, Indonesia will lost all their forrest, animals, and plant. As a people, we must act locally and think globally, cause if we dont act now, climate change will permanently alter the lands and waters we all depends upon for survival. Cooling down aour planet from now.
Maret 30, 2008 pada 11:08 am
Dudy D Wijaya
Dear Pak Taufik,
First of all, I do apologize for writing you in this page. I should not have put anything (in this page) because I am not a student of the SITH-Biology. Fourteen years ago I was a student at the others departments at ITB.
I am just really excited by the writing skill of your students. I probably must learn from them. They wrote their essay systematically using a good English. Hopefully, They did not make their essay by doing “copy paste” from the existing literature.
Moreover, I do think that you are doing a smart way in teaching “tech. writing” course when you let your students to write an essay according to their interest on a particular topic. In my opinion, once the students have been getting used to write a scientific report/essay, they can improve not only their writing skill but also their knowledge, which are of great important for completing their “Tugas Akhir”.
I would like you to please keep going on this Pak, I wish you (and your students) all the best..!!
Grussen from Graz..!!
April 8, 2008 pada 4:40 am
Dewi Megawati
Revisi Heart disease
The Factors Which May Contribute to Heart Disease in Western Society
Heart disease is a structural or functional abnormality of cardiovascular system, which might be caused of several factors. Those factors can be divided into two major factors such as behavioral risk factors and unavoidable risk factors. Behavioral risk factors associated with heart disease such as; fatty diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consume and smoking. On the other hand, aging and family history are unavoidable risk factors. This assay will discuss the factors that may associate with heart disease in western society (Campbell et al.,2003).
Generally, two major factors above increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure that result in heart disease. People who have high level of blood cholesterol are more likely to develop heart disease. As the fact, there are two forms of cholesterol in the blood, called high-density and low-density lipoproteins. The high-density lipoprotein is a kind of bad cholesterol which possibly to mold the plaques. The plaques may clog the wall of blood vessels and if it occurs in coronary arteries, it may promote a heart attack. In addition, high blood pressure also gives rise to heart disease. High blood pressure against the wall of constricted vessel made the heart work even harder. If the condition persists, it may damage the heart and blood vessels that increasing the risk for stroke, heart attack, and heart failure (www.escardio.org; Encarta Ensiklopedia, 2006; Campbell et al.,2003).
In the western society, scientists found heart disease were mainly due to behavioral risk factors. People who normally haven’t a heart disease risk genetically, nevertheless take daily risks by smoking or eating unhealthily. Eating unhealthy diet on which contain high bad cholesterol may increase the risk of vascular disease, due to the ability of cholesterol to clog arteries. Similar to lack of exercise, it can cause heart disease in which associate with accumulation of the bad cholesterol. Smoking also increases the risk of stroke by 50 percent attributable to coronary heart failure. In addition, heavy drinking can damage heart muscles in which distract the process of pumping blood (http://www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Although, heart disease was associated mainly with behavioral risk, a strong family history of heart disease and age factor still put a patient at high risk. For example, a woman does exercise every day and careful about her diet, nevertheless she got heart attack in 43 years old. It might be caused of inherited genetically from both of her parents. Then, scientists have identified that age also be part of the cause heart disease. In addition, the probability of stroke increases as people get older, with those over age 65 at greatest risk (http//www.womenheart.org/; Encarta Encyclopedia, 2006).
Nevertheless, some scientists believe that stress reactivity plays an important key role in development of heart disease. They inquired the fact that many heart attacks occur in persons apparently free of risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking and high cholesterol. They assumed that undeniably stressful condition of western society might contribute in causing heart disease. These could be explained by excessive unleashed of hormones and fatty fuels during stress response give rise to high blood pressure thus increased the risk of cardiovascular disease (Burg, 2008).
In conclusion, all the factors that increase the blood cholesterol and blood pressure, associated with heart disease. The factors may affect so much for some people, but may be those do not give any effect for the others. Furthermore, people can decrease the risk of heart disease by keeping their healthy life style.
References
1.Burgh, M. 2008. Stress, Behaviour and Heart Disease. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.med.yale.edulibraryheartbk8.pdf
2. Campbell et al.,2003. Biology. 4th. ed. Benjamin Cumming; New York
3. Encarta Encyclopedia. 2006. Heart Disease. Microsoft ® Encarta ® © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation.
4.Heart Disease.Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http//www.womenheart.org/.
5.The human and economic cost of heart disease in Europe. Retrieved on 5th March 2008 from http://www.escardio.org/.
April 8, 2008 pada 8:12 am
Evah Luviah
oleh: Evah Luviah (10604101)
Symbiotic Between Plant and Bacteria
Under natural environmental conditions, successful of plant development and crop depend on the internal factor and external factor. The internal factor includes genetic constitution. The external factor involves soil, water, and light. Soil provides nutrition like mineral salt and chemical inorganic compound, ground water, and beneficial microorganisms. Water is needed by plant for its survival and growth. Light is needed by plant for photosynthesis or obtaining nutrition and energy source.
The most important here is how plant get nutrition especially nitrogen from their habit. The plant doesn’t have ability to fix nitrogen from atmosphere directly because of the triple bond of Nitrogen, (Pasternak, 1998). It must be converted first to be complex compound as nitrate. So, to obtain nitrate from soil, plant must be symbiotic with some beneficial soil bacteria or diazotrophic bacteria.
Diazotrophic bacteria live in soil and help plant directly or indirectly. Commonly, beneficial soil bacteria help plant directly by providing fixed nitrogen and supplying it to the plant.
Nowadays, almost all farmers in Indonesia use chemical fertilizer to help them for increasing crops yields. Using chemical fertilizer continuously has triggered pollution problems which results runoff and decreases nutrient availability of the soil, (Black, 2004) those factors has led to find an alternative to increase crops yields besides using chemical fertilizer. Scientist has developed some diazotrophic bacteria as “bacterial fertilizer”. Some of techniques in genetic engineering have been going on in order to get new products by means transgenic bacterial soil.
Nitrogen fixation is a very complicated process. It is requiring the action of a large number of different proteins. Those proteins are encoded by multigenes called nif gene, (Pasternak, 1998). Some of techniques in genetic engineering try to isolate this gene and then try to insert this gene to the plant. But it is not possible. Glick and Pasternak (1998) noted that, those multigenes by means nif gene can not be inserted to plant because of two reasons. First, plant doesn’t have a promoter for nif gene; second, plant is not a bacterium which able to transcript multigenes and results more than one protein in once transcription processes, this ability called as polycystronic, (Weaver, 2005). For plant, once transcription process is for one protein.
Other study has led to find a new way for better harvest. Scientists try to manipulate hydrogenase, to make a mutant of diazotrophic bacteria, to manipulate oxygen level in diazotrophic bacteria, or to manipulate regulator gene of nif gene. Those experiments have been success to increase crops yields and ever been applied in some developed countries.
References
Weaver, Robert F. 2002. Molecular Biology 3rd edition. New York: Mc.Graw Hill.
Glick, R., Bernard and Pasternak, J. Jack. 1998. Molecular Biotechnology 3rd edition:Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. Washington:University of Waterloo.
Black, G. Jacquelyn. 1999. Microbiology 4th edition: Principles and Explorations. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, Inc.
oleh : Evah Luviah (10604101)
April 9, 2008 pada 1:16 am
Rizky Ayu Maulani Yusuf
TASK 2
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES THE GROWTH OF PLANT
Plants need a specific place for growing well. Every plant has some characters place respectively. The right place is the place which has a condition that is able to raise productivity. In natural science, there are some factors which can influence the plant for growing. There are abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors are factors which come from the environment, such as temperature, sunlight, water, and nutrient of soil. There are the explanations why those factors can influence the growing of plants.
a. Temperature
Environmental temperature is one of important factor determining the distribution of plants, because of its effect on biological process and the inability of most plants to regulate body temperature precisely.(Taiz et al, 2002) For example if a plant is growing in the desert place (country), it can be faded if we plant it in the temperate place (country). The ability of plant to survive in some places is related with the weather or the climate of those places.
b. Sunlight
Sunlight is advantageous for photosynthesis in the plants.(Taiz et al, 2002) But, the light intensity is not the most important factor limiting plant growth in many terrestrial environments, but shading by a forest canopy makes competition for light in the understory intense. Light is also important to the development and behavior of the many plants that are sensitive to photoperiod, the relative lengths of daytime and nighttime. Photoperiod is more reliable indicator then temperature for cuing seasonal events, such as flowering.
c. Water
The readiness of water is being the most important factor for growing the plants.(Taiz et al, 2002) On the other hand, water can cause the die of plants. When the water is abundance, it can break the cell of plant and when the condition is deficiency of water, it can cause the plant become faded.
d. Rocks and nutrient of soil
In this factor, physics structure, pH, and mineral composition of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plants. For terrestrial ecosystem, it contributes to the patchiness. (Campbell et al, 2000)
The four abiotic factors are the major components of climate, the prevailing weather conditions at a locality. In addition, the biotic factors can be the important factors too. The biotic factors are the factors which come from the other organisms. These factors can examine the resistant power of the plant for surviving. The factors include the ability to resistant of plant disease and the ability to compete with the other organism.
There is a species of plant which can live in specific countries, Adenium obesum. Adenium obesum can live in the countries which have desert’s climate (tundra’s biome) or have some lighting all day (savanna or tropic biome). Adenium obesum has a big root, form being a root turber. This part has a function as water depositor. (Wie, 2007) So, this plant can live in desert or tropic countries. Adenium obesum actually comes from Africa such as East Shore Africa until South Africa, and Uni Emirate Arab such as Senegal until Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Namibia. Now, Adenium obesum can be found in Indonesia. It causes that Indonesia has a tropical climate. Adenium obesum is being a commercial plants in Indonesia now. The plant has scarce value. It needs a special treatment to make it still lives in Indonesia, because Indonesia has a rainy season, and we know that Adenium obesum does not need much water in its life. Although this plant has a special treatment, it does not reduce the value of plant because it grows some beautiful flowers in its variety.
References:
Campbell, Neil A.; Reece Jane B.; Mitchell, Lawrence G. 2000. Biologi edisi kelima jilid dua. Erlangga, Jakarta.
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo. 2002. Plant Physiology third edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland Massachusetts, USA.
Wie, Tharie. 2007. Membesarkan Bonggol Adenium. In web: http://www.langitlangit.com/mod.php?mod=publisher&op=viewarticle&artid=43. Download date: March, 19th 2008
by: Rizky Ayu Maulani Yusuf (10604098)
April 9, 2008 pada 6:29 am
juni ( 10604012)
Task 1
My sister and Spike
One day when I was in junior high school, my uncle come to my house and bring a puppy. We are so happy and decide to give it puppy name spike. Spike is a female dog, spike is so cute, it has thick white brownie hairs, its tail always moves when it happy.
When spike in its third age, spike suffered by scabies. Its thick hair was gone and substituded by some ulcer. It look like at that time is so terrible. Because of its terrible ulcer and its body also smell so stinky, my family want to throw away spike. We think its desease can not be curable. But at that time, my sister refuse to throw away spike, she promise that she will try to treat spike till it will be cured.
From that day, my sister treat spike scabies carefully, she gave medicines to the dog when nobody want to stand beside it.
After few month, step by step spike became cured, its ulcer became dry then its hair is follow appear from below the dry skin. The ugly spike become a bautiful dog, its thick white brownie hairs grow healthy again.
Two month ago, I’ve been heard from my sister, spike was died. Spike die in its old age because of its desease. Spike is a part of my family, from the time it bring to my house, there’s many memories been drawn in every heart of my family. I remember when I and my sister often play in hemp stuck in back yard at harvest time, spike is always there run in all direction follow me and my sister. We love spike but I think my sister love spike more, their just such as good friend in my eyes.
Nama : Juni Artha ( 10604012 )
April 9, 2008 pada 6:35 am
juni ( 10604012)
Task 2
Isolation of antibacterial pentahydroxy flavones from
the seeds of Mimusops elengi Linn
Mimusops elengi Linn is a tree from family Sapotaceae. Mimusops elengi in India’s traditionally common people used the crude extracts of plant parts as curative agents. They used the bark decoction, flower or fruit is used as teeth cleaner and tender twigs are used as a toothbrush.This experiment try to investigate the antimicrobial potential in Mimusops elengi seeds.
This experiment consist of three phase, there are the isolation, purification and characterization of the extracts from the seeds of M. elengi (Linn). First phase is isolation, this phase is started with dry Mimusops elengi seeds by air, then its extracted with organic solvents (petroleum ether, dichloro methane, ethyl acetate and ethanol) for 48 hour in a soxhlet extractor.
After extraction, Mimusops elengi seeds extract is tested for antimicrobial efficacy. The extract used in medium agar composition, then bacterial organisms Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539 maintained to this nutrient agar medium. To know antimicrobial capability level, the inhibition zone for bacteria in medium agar is measured and estimate as extract antimicrobial capability.
The second phase, purification is the phase to confirm homogenity compound of extract. Purification is started by mix the extract which know its antimicrobial efficacy with ethyl acetate, the mix compound then purified through silica gel. The fraction of extract then collected in beaker glasses.The fractions monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel using benzene-ethyl acetate (1:1) which mixture as developing solvent. One-dimensional TLC was performed with the purified compounds using two different solvent system; benzene-ethyl acetate (1:9) and chloroform-methanol (1:3) as mobile phase. The bands were detected by keeping the plate in iodine vapor chamber and were eluted with methanol: ethyl acetate (1:1).
The last phase, characterization is the phase when chemical purified active compounds is characterized. The characterization process is using IR, EL – MS, 1 H – NMR spectral analyses.
From the experiment , the Mimusops elengi seeds extract which release through open column silica gel showed that the best eluting solvent mixture for purification of its extract compound is hexane and ethyl acetate (3:2). Homogenity test with TLC showed that extract compound is separated into two spot ( Fraction HE-a and Fraction HE-b) and when the two spot is elute both of them show good antimicrobial activity. From the spectral analysis also show that Fraction HE-a could be identified as dihyro- 3,3’4’5,7-pentahydroxy flavone and molecular formula is C15 H 12O 7 (M+ 304) and Fraction HE-b could be identified as 2,3-dihyro-3,3’4’5,7-pentahydroxy flavone and molecular formula is C 15H 12O 7 (M+ 304). This two compound have antimicrobial activity because they contained by flavone material. Flavonoids are a group of natural compounds known to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidative, antiinflammatory and diuretic (Havsteen, 2002), antiviral (Cowan, 1999) and antimicrobial (Pepaljnjak, 2005).
References : K. M. Hazra, R. N. Roy1, S. K. Sen1* and S. Laskar. Isolation of antibacterial pentahydroxy flavones from the seeds of Mimusops elengi Linn.
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 6 (12), pp. 1446-1449, 18, June 2007
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
ISSN 1684–5315 © 2007 Academic Journals
BY : Juni Artha ( 10604012 )
April 9, 2008 pada 11:09 am
Rebecca D.S.
Breast cancer is the dangerous disease for woman generally. Like the other cancers, breast cancer can bring the mortality for the patient. According to source of biology, the rate of mortality can be decreasing because of mass screening, frequent use of post-operative chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy and the recent introduction of new drugs (Bertucci, 2008).
Breast cancer has several clinical dan histological forms. The bad impact of breast cancer can be reduced if we are to understand and cope with the different forms of breast cancer. There are to determine the cell origin, to determine the molecular alteration, to identify susceptibility genes, and to classify tumors.
The first is to determine what cell of origin of a breast tumor. The heterogenity of breast cancer comes from a stem cell or a progenitor cell. The second is to determine what genetic alterations transform a normal breast cell and make it cancerous. Mutations, deletions, amplifications and fusions can be the number of alterations. Several tumors can have a high level of genetic instability whereas others can have an apparently normal genome.
The third is to identify breast tumor susceptibility genes. Genes changed in the tumor differ from the susceptibilty genes. The fourth is to classify breast tumors and establish whether all members of a subtype have the same properties. A recent study has shown that genes associated with susceptibility variants are differently expressed in the major subtypes and this opens up interesting perspectives (Bertucci, 2008).
In conclusion, breast cancers differ in many ways such as the cell of origin, the molecular alterations, the susceptibility genes, and defenses of the patient. The appropriate treatment can be given by knowing and making the reserach according to the herogenity of breast cancers.
References :
Bertucci, F. & Birnbaum, D. (2008, February 22) Reasons for Breast Cancer Heterogenity. [Online Journal]. Retrieved April 9 April, 2008 from World Wide Web : http://jbiol.com/content/7/2/6
By : Rebecca D. S. (10604107)
April 10, 2008 pada 12:22 am
Gilang Kinasihan10604052
Why Plants can’t Grow Everywhere?
Plant is the most world-wide spread living organism. Almost 70% part of land on the earth is cover by plants. The use of plants has been recognized by people around the world, such as foods, clothes, and many variant of materials. Each region of world has much kind of plants and its special utility.
Plants is growing and developing during all the time, until it could not be again. A plant growing includes height and weight increases, protoplasm increases, respiration, and also photosynthesis. A plant developing is about cell differentiation, shows by anatomy and physiological specialization changes.
Environmental factor affected plant growth and its distribution. The environmental factors are light, temperature, and soil. If the environmental are good enough, the plants will grow well. But if the environmental less than ideal, it will inhibit grow and the distribution of the plant. For example, the hygrophyte that only live with high moisture of soil could not growth at dessert (Anonym 1, 2007). The environmental factors limit some plants to growth and distribute between region and country.
The sun as the primary energy source on earth, it is controlling all living activity and productivity. The effects of light is depend on the wavelength, between 0,4 – 0,7 millimicron-metres and its intensity. The reaction from plant due to light such as photosynthesis, phototropism, and photoperiodic, based on photochemical reaction that working by the specific pigment system. (Anonym 2, 2007)
The temperature can affect productivity and activity of plants depends on the seasons. The role of temperature is controlling a physically and chemically process that will affect the biological reaction on the plant’s body. The chemical reaction velocity is depending on temperature and enzyme stabilization. The bad temperatures also cause stunted growth and poor quality products from plants. (Anonym 2, 2007)
Soil is supplying the water and nutrition for the plants. The soil conditions such as its organic matters, mineral, moisture, microbes, soil atmosphere, and soil water are very determine the growth, development, and productivity of plants (Anonym 2, 2007). Without these components, the plants will have a stress condition, which is inhibits its productivity.
References:
Anonym 1.2007. Environmental Factors Affecting Growth. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/index.html
Anonym 2. 2007. Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan Tanaman, dan Faktor Lingkungan. http://fp.uns.ac.id/%7Ehamasains/BAB%20VIdasgro_files/filelist.xml
April 10, 2008 pada 6:10 am
arifa elfanisa -10604094-
Plants as carbon consumer
Plants are autotrophs in that they make their own food and thus sustain themselves without eating other organisms or even molecules. Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria all use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water (Campbell et al, 2000).
Forrest became mainstay of carbon absorption because of it capability to fast absorb a big amount of CO2. Abundant sun light and water a long year is a big potent to photosynthesize.
But, forests, like other vegetation area not just absorb carbon dioxide. At the same time, this area releases a big amount of carbon dioxide with plant’s respiration. Whereas only green tissues photosynthesize, all tissues respire, and they do so 24 hours a day. A survey of several herbaceous species indicated that 30 to 60% of the daily gain in photosynthetic carbon was lost to respiration ( lambers 1985 at plants physiology). Carbon deposit happens when CO2 absorption rate is higher than plant’s respiration rate. It signs with increasing biomass in that forests area.
If you look at closely in small portion of sea water, there are a hundred thousand up to million plants. This plant is called phytoplankton or microalgae. The size is micrometer. For example in kind of Dinoflagellata size is only up to 20 micrometer. Moreover, there is a size that no more than 2 micrometer.
Don’t judge the capability with their size small. Because this phytoplankton have a green leaf substance or chlorophyll. Individuals in sea like trees in function. This much of phytoplankton likes forests that can not see in plainview.
Sea have a rich biodeversitasion and able to give a big contribution to world climate change. With 73% wide in earth, sea participates to pressure carbon emission.
Carbon dioxide is the biggest contribution (75%) of the glass house gas. Everytime we use fosil fuel (oil, gasoline, petroleum gas, coil) for daily needs, car, factory, electricity or when we burn something,like our forest, we automatically release CO2 to the atmosfer
(mizuki, 2007).
Equality in the atmosphere will happen if all the carbon emission reverses with all kind of potential in earth. Ecosystems never have a static equality, but always change during decreasing animal and plants population and several groups exchange ( biologi laut). And the fact now, amount of carbon release to atmosphere is too much than the capable of absorption (gatra). Increasing volume of glass house gas includes CO2, CFC, and CH4 makes increase temperature of earth surface. Increasing of gas heat absorb able makes terrible effect called global warming.
References:
• Campbell, N.A. 2000. Biology concepts and connections. USA: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
• Taiz Lincoln dan Zeiger Eduardo. 2002. Plant Physiology. USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
• Mc. Connaughey, Harlow Bayard. 1983. Pengantar Biologi laut. USA: Mosby Company.
• Ilwan hatim. (2007, November). Belantara Laut Pelahap karbon. Gatra, 78-79. Jakarta: PT Era Media Informasi
• Mizuki. 2007. Long Live Environmental Awareness!!. ( URL :http :// mizuai. deviantart. com)
April 10, 2008 pada 6:22 am
arifa elfanisa -10604094-
Plants as carbon consumer is everywhere
Plants are autotrophs in that they make their own food and thus sustain themselves without eating other organisms or even molecules. Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria all use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water (Campbell et al, 2000).
Forrest became mainstay of carbon absorption because of it capability to fast absorb a big amount of CO2. Abundant sun light and water a long year is a big potent to photosynthesize.
But, forests, like other vegetation area not just absorb carbon dioxide. At the same time, this area releases a big amount of carbon dioxide with plant’s respiration. Whereas only green tissues photosynthesize, all tissues respire, and they do so 24 hours a day. A survey of several herbaceous species indicated that 30 to 60% of the daily gain in photosynthetic carbon was lost to respiration (Taiz Lincoln, 2002). Carbon deposit happens when CO2 absorption rate is higher than plant’s respiration rate. It signs with increasing biomass in that forests area.
If you look at closely in small portion of sea water, there are a hundred thousand up to million plants. This plant is called phytoplankton or microalgae. The size is micrometer. For example in kind of Dinoflagellata size is only up to 20 micrometer. Moreover, there is a size that no more than 2 micrometer.
Don’t judge the capability with their size small. Because this phytoplankton have a green leaf substance or chlorophyll. Individuals in sea like trees in function. This much of phytoplankton likes forests that can not see in plainview.
Sea have a rich biodeversitasion and able to give a big contribution to world climate change. With 73% wide in earth, sea participates to pressure carbon emission.
Carbon dioxide is the biggest contribution (75%) of the glass house gas. Everytime we use fosil fuel (oil, gasoline, petroleum gas, coil) for daily needs, car, factory, electricity or when we burn something,like our forest, we automatically release CO2 to the atmosfer
(mizuki, 2007).
Equality in the atmosphere will happen if all the carbon emission reverses with all kind of potential in earth. Ecosystems never have a static equality, but always change during decreasing animal and plants population and several groups exchange (Mc. Connaughey, 1983). And the fact now, amount of carbon release to atmosphere is too much than the capable of absorption (Ilwan hatim, 2007). Increasing volume of glass house gas includes CO2, CFC, and CH4 makes increase temperature of earth surface. Increasing of gas heat absorb able makes terrible effect called global warming.
References:
• Campbell, N.A. 2000. Biology concepts and connections. USA: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
• Taiz Lincoln dan Zeiger Eduardo. 2002. Plant Physiology. USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
• Mc. Connaughey, Harlow Bayard. 1983. Pengantar Biologi laut. USA: Mosby Company.
• Ilwan hatim. (2007, November). Belantara Laut Pelahap karbon. Gatra, 78-79. Jakarta: PT Era Media Informasi
• Mizuki. 2007. Long Live Environmental Awareness!!. ( URL :http :// mizuai. deviantart. com)
April 10, 2008 pada 8:19 am
Mutia Ardelia (10604054)
Women and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by the loss of the normal density of bone, resulting in fragile bone (Shiel , 2007). Bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium. These combinations make bone harder and compact. When you have osteoporosis, the bones become weaken and prone to fracture.
The osteoporosis’s patients might not be aware about their osteoporosis because this disease can be present without any symptoms. They will be aware until they suffer a painful fracture. The spine, hips, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis, although osteoporosis-related fractures can also occur in almost any skeletal bone (Shiel, 2007). When you have osteoporosis, this can occur even after a minor injury, such as a fall.
Up to 80% of patients suffering an osteoporosis are women, include a young woman who had an amennorhea (the menstruation’s cycle was stopped). Estrogen is important in maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss accelerates. Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women. Beside that, women have a lower bone density than men. Bone density is the amount of bone present in the skeletal structure. The higher bone density could effect to how stronger are the bones. It can describe why women have a higher risk of this disease than men.
Many factors will increase your risk of developing osteoporosis and suffering a fracture. The first factor is female gender. As mention before, women have a higher risk than men. Beside, men could affected too, depends on their lifestyle choices. Thin and small body frames, family history of osteoporosis, older age, or Caucasian or Asian race, are another factor that can’t be changed. Some of the other risk factors can be changed, for example cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, low dietary intake or absorption of calcium and vitamin D, or sedentary lifestyle or immobility.
Lifestyle changes might be the best way of preventing osteoporosis. You can start with doing some exercises regularly, stopping cigarette smoking, or curtailing your alcohol intake. Besides, you have to consuming a balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D.
References:
Shiel, William. & Lee, Dennis (ed.). (2007, November 30). Osteoporosis. Retrieved April 9 , 2008 from World Wide Web : http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm
April 10, 2008 pada 8:23 am
Mutia Ardelia (10604054)
Women and Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by the loss of the normal density of bone, resulting in fragile bone (Shiel , 2007). Bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium. These combinations make bone harder and compact (Campbell, 2002). When you have osteoporosis, the bones become weaken and prone to fracture.
The osteoporosis’s patients might not be aware about their osteoporosis because this disease can be present without any symptoms. They will be aware until they suffer a painful fracture. The spine, hips, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis, although osteoporosis-related fractures can also occur in almost any skeletal bone (Shiel, 2007). When you have osteoporosis, this can occur even after a minor injury, such as a fall.
Up to 80% of patients suffering an osteoporosis are women, include a young woman who had an amennorhea (the menstruation’s cycle was stopped). Estrogen is important in maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, bone loss accelerates. Accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women. Beside that, women have a lower bone density than men. Bone density is the amount of bone present in the skeletal structure. The higher bone density could effect to how stronger are the bones. It can describe why women have a higher risk of this disease than men.
Many factors will increase your risk of developing osteoporosis and suffering a fracture. The first factor is female gender. As mention before, women have a higher risk than men. Beside, men could affected too, depends on their lifestyle choices. Thin and small body frames, family history of osteoporosis, older age, or Caucasian or Asian race, are another factor that can’t be changed. Some of the other risk factors can be changed, for example cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, low dietary intake or absorption of calcium and vitamin D, or sedentary lifestyle or immobility.
Lifestyle changes might be the best way of preventing osteoporosis. You can start with doing some exercises regularly, stopping cigarette smoking, or curtailing your alcohol intake. Besides, you have to consuming a balanced diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D.
References:
- Campbell, N.A. & Reece, J.B. 2002. Biology, 6th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings
- Shiel, William. & Lee, Dennis (ed.). (2007, November 30). Osteoporosis. Retrieved April 9 , 2008 from World Wide Web : http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/article.htm
April 10, 2008 pada 10:34 am
Annisa Ramdhaningtias
Heart Disease
Heart disease is a hypernym for many kind of different types diseases that affect the heart. Some types of common heart disease are coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, inflammatory heart disease, stroke, and congenital heart disease. (anonym1,2008). But generally people just know the stroke as heart disease.
Heart disease is a disease that causing death for both men and women all over the world. The risk factor that contribute to this disease is unhealthy lifestyle, like workaholic, smoking both active or passive, consuming high cholesterol food, drinking alcohol, stress, less of exercise
Now a days, heart disease is the leading cause of death in western society. Like we can see in America, American heart association estimated that 80,700,000 American adults which means one in three have one or more types of cardiovascular disease, 16,000,000 (about 8,700,000 men and 7,300,000 women) Among adults age 20 and older, get the coronary heart disease, and 5,800,000 (about 2,300,000 males and 3,400,000 females) among adults age 20 and older, are stroke. (anonym2, 2008). These all happened because the lifestyle of the western society is supporting the risk factor of heart disease.
Anonym1, 2008, Heart Disease.in Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease
Anonym2, 2008, Statistics. in Web: http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1198257493273HS_Stats%202008.pdf -
April 10, 2008 pada 10:37 am
Erqurani Hijrian M
I like to watching movies that have a message to give to the audiences. So, when I watch, I can take a valuable thing that can make myself to be a better person. I also like to watching Movies with high-tech effect, so I can feel the high adrenalin when watching it and admiring the director who made it, what a brilliant person. Such as movies like Trilogy Lord Of The Ring, Forrest Gump, I am Legend, NagaBonar, Finding Nemo etc.
Beside of movies above, I like to the japanesse drama because every drama that I watched must be have a lot of meaning words that correlated in life when I graduated from highschool . for example the drama with title above, DragonZakura, it is a story about a lawyer that enter to one school which have very low grade at that city and he wants to put at least five students to Tokyo University. It seems impossible for the first time because besides the students are very naughty and stupid, the teachers and the headmaster also don’t have eagerness to the students. In the end of the story, after almost a year of hardworking, tears, insulting, family problems, etc, from six students who join the Tokyo University’s exam, there’s three students who succeed and the last three who aren’t. From this drama, I learn to be a strong and spiritful person. If I can do the best to reach my dream, I can be able to reach it. Every decision that I make is right as long as I can take a responsibility of it. This drama really make myself to be more confident and do the best.
April 10, 2008 pada 10:53 am
Erqurani Hijrian M
Short Essay
Heart Disease
If you’re like most people, you think that heart disease is a problem for other folks. But heart disease is the number one killer in the U.S. Heart disease can attack everyone. Heart Disease kills women and man.
If you’re women, you must be carefull about heart disease. Actually heart disease is the leading cause of death of women in the United States. In fact, heart disease kills almost twice as many women in the United States. A recent study shows that only 57% of women realize that heart disease is the one cause of death among women.
More statistics – There are differences between women and men in survival after a heart attack. 42% of women who have heart attacks will die within 1 year. However, only 24% of men who have a heart attack will die within 1 year. This may be because women usually get heart disease about 10 years later in life than men.( Thomas and all.2006)
Many factors may contribute to heart disease. Heart disease in men and women can be controlled and helped by control your cholesterol because high cholesterol is a top risk factor regarding heart disease in men and women., stop smoking, sport, and doing anything wih happy.
References:
- Thom,Thomas & Haase, Nancy and all.2006. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.. Retrieved April 9 , 2008 from World Wide Web :
Http:circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/6/e85
By Erqurani H M ( 10604076 )
September 21, 2008 pada 8:00 am
Ega Wisnu Adiguna
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Ega Wisnu Adiguna – 10605020
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) adalah keracunan pada hewan dan manusia yang disebabkan oleh racun yang terkandung dalam kerang. Keracunan ini disebabkan oleh akumulasi toksin oleh moluska bivalvia yang kemudian dikonsumsi hewan lain atau manusia, sehingga menyebabkan keracunan pada hewan atau manusia tersebut. Gejala keracunan yang umum ditemui pada manusia adalah : sakit perut, pusing, rasa tidak nyaman, muntah-muntah, afiksasi, kelumpuhan, sampai kematian karena gagal jantung dan sistem pernapasan.
Racun yang diakumulasi oleh kerang ini adalah jenis saxitoksin yang dihasilkan dinoflagelata dari genera Gymnodinium, Alexandrium, Gonyaluax, dan Pyrodinimum. Saat terjadi alga blooming populasi alga akan meningkat, sehingga toksin yang dihasilkan akan meningkat pula. Jumlah toksin yang tinggi dan terakumulasi inilah yang dapat menyebabkan keracunan pada manusia. Dikabarkan bahwa seratus gram daging yang sudah tercemar dapat membunuh 16 orang.
Para peneliti belum dapat memastikan penyebab alga blooming ini, akan tetapi kemungkinan terkait pada pemanasan global dan badai pada musim panas. Selain itu beberapa berpendapat bahwa terbuangnya air irigasi yang mengandung pupuk ke badan perairan yang berakhir di laut dapat pula menyebabkan alga blooming. Pupuk yang mengandung nitrogen merupakan nutrient yang sangat baik untuk pertumbuhan alga. Kandungan nitrogen yang tinggi dapat memicu juga ledakan populasi alga.
Mei 21, 2009 pada 2:18 am
treagsBeausty
Great website:D hope to come back soon!!